African context
of public space
Throughout this semester, we
have looked at many themes that border on the distinction between public and
private space. Like my previous writings, I usually like to reflect on these
class readings and discussions from my African perspective. In this blog post,
I would also like to reflect on one of our class readings on public and private
space from the perspective of the African Bantaba. Drawing inspiration from
Mitchell’s article on the end of public space, I would like to talk about the
functions of public spaces in the African context.
In his article entitled
"The End of Public Space? People’s Park, Definitions of the Public, and
Democracy", Mitchell discusses various issues regarding public space. He
observes that according to the Vancouver, BC, Social Planning Department, public
places are open and accessible for at least twelve hours a day, adding that
public space is the product of competing ideas about what constitutes that
space and who constitutes "the public." Public spaces are essential
for the functioning of democratic politics and provide a space for marginalized
groups to represent themselves as a legitimate part of “the public” (Mitchell,
1995).
Thus, he reveals that the ideal
of the public sphere implies a notion of inclusiveness that becomes a rallying
point for political activity. They also suggest that the reliance on electronic
media for democratic politics is problematic and that public space is essential
for democratic politics. Furthermore, they explore the transformation of public
space into highly structured and commodified spaces, as well as its impact on
social exclusion (Mitchell, 1995).
I should quickly add that the
idea of democracy and its connection to the public are a recent invention in
the African context. That is not to say that democracy is nonexistent in
Africa. It has always existed in traditional forms, far different from how it
has logically existed in other cultures. One of the best symbols of that is the
concept of Bantaba. According to Access Gambia, the Bantaba is a word that
emerged from the largest ethnic group in The Gambia, the Mandinka. It means a
“large tree” called Bentennie in the Mandinka language. In the traditional
Gambian context, it is a meeting venue for village men.
The Mandinka word for tree is bant, and aba means meeting. Access Gambia adds that in modern parlance, it is used to describe “any wooden or cement construct which is located within the confines of a family compound or other property with a roof made of grass or corrugated iron sheets with pillars made of wood/bamboo or concrete. The structure itself resembles a gazebo” (Gambia, 2009). In nearly all villages in The Gambia, places like that exist where people gather to tell stories and take care of issues affecting their communities. Storytelling is a very important aspect of traditional life.
Well before the introduction of
western education, knowledge was transferred from one generation to another
through word of mouth, especially for societies without reading and writing. I
remember as a child how we used to gather around night fires where our
grandparents told us stories mainly about animal characters.
I believe that the notion of
Bantaba has strong links with public space, as described by Mitchell. Since it
is a community gathering space without the complexities of modern democratic
ideals, the Bantaba has the following significance:
1.
Cultural and societal gathering: The
Bantaba serves as a place where community members gather for cultural events
such as masquerade festivals, wrestling contests, circumcision initiation
rites, communal gatherings, and marriage ceremonies.
2.
Politics and decision-making: When
communities are confronted with governance issues, they gather at the Bantaba
to make decisions. It's akin to the modern concept of parliamentary democracy.
All forms and manners of decisions are made at the Bantaba. From taxation,
declaration of war, announcing new kings, and even courts. It’s a transparent
institution that needs to be adopted in the modern governance of the continent.
3.
Economic Activities: The Bantaba is
usually located at the market square, where people sell farm produce and
conduct other economic activities. They buy and sell goods.
4.
Social cohesion: In the African context,
social cohesion is strengthened through the Bantaba, as the Bantaba is a place
where all members of society can interact, exchange ideas, and conduct social
activities. In some cases, only old men are allowed to be at the Bantaba. But
it is certainly the case that all genders can participate in the activities of
the Bantaba.
I should also note that the
distinction between public and private space is blurred in the African context.
One explanation for this is that, as I have commented in class on several
occasions, the traditional African society is communal and not individualistic.
Communal interests supersede individual interests. What might be considered
private space in the western concept often becomes a communal space, where
community activities take place and where everyone can have access.
Even eating is usually communal.
Instead of eating individually, people eat together. In my own culture,
although many activities take place at community gathering places like the
Bantaba, nothing stops them from happening in family compounds or residential
areas. After the advent of independence, many African societies failed to
incorporate these traditional values into their new democratic dispensations.
For me, that is one of the primary reasons why democracy is not working well on
the continent. Africans can do well to avoid copying and pasting democracy and
give traditional and cultural values their rightful place in our budding state
structures.
Bibliography
Gambia, A. (2009). www.accessgambia.com.
Retrieved 11 23, 2023, from www.accessgambia.com:
https://www.accessgambia.com/information/bantaba.html
Mitchell, D. (1995). The End of Public Space?
People’s Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy. Annals of the
association of american geographers, , 108-133.
Thanks for your post. It is helpful to know about your culture and the various ways we might consider solving some of our social problems. It is certainly a different mindset that has many advantages.
ReplyDeleteInteresting post. It is fun learning about how space differs among cultures, and what is considered private and public. Culture in the United States is very individualistic, and while there are similar spaces to the Bantaba in terms of function, I do not think anyone would consider them private as they might in traditional African society. And people here would definitely not treat their homes as public space in the American sense of it, or let community gatherings happen there unless specifically invited to in a formal manner.
ReplyDeleteThe idea that democracy has not worked well due to it being copy and pasted from other cultures is interesting to me. I wonder how African countries could better incorporate democracy while still maintaining and including traditional values. Nevertheless, I think it could be said for many cultures that it is much more effective building upon values that already exist, rather than trying to redefine an entire way of living and differing experiences of community.
Great post! It's so important to recognize different cultural perspectives when it comes to public space, so I appreciate you tying your own into what we are discussing in class. Rooting places of cultural significance such as the Bantaba is essential to build a democratic society with effective public spaces. It would be wrong to completely replicate American democratic structures in a country with a different culture, so I'm glad you bring more attention to this. Sometimes in the U.S., we tend to live in a bubble without learning or envisioning what life is like for people who don't live here or don't live in cultures based in eurocentrism. Besides relating to aspects of our class, it was great to learn more interesting facts about your culture and I enjoyed reading your post!
ReplyDeleteInteresting read. One of many things that I notice about living in the U.S is the abundance of "no trespassing" and "no loitering" signs. It makes me a little bit hesitant about exploring new places or even new paths when I go for a walk.
ReplyDeleteThe idea of private and public space is indeed very different in different parts of the world. In Indonesia, it is very common for your neighbors to use your private land or property during certain events or ceremonies, or even just for their kids to play in your yards.
Levi mentioned how culture in the U.S is very individualistic. Given the situations, I think it is hard even for those coming from a community-based culture, not to be that way here. The heavy use of private cars allows you to be shielded from other people, elements of nature, or any scenes that highlight any societal problems. While it causes people to be more disconnected with their community, I don't see any other alternative to cars when public transportation is unreliable or even non-existence.
This week, I also talked to some students about their student loan, interests that they have to pay, and the hours they will have to work to pay for those debts. With that much baggage and mental exhaustion already weighing them down, I think it becomes understandable that they should think about themselves.
The disappearance of public space and lack of social interactions is not just an issue of culture or poor urban planning, in my opinion, but very systemic and complex.
The analogy you make between Mitchell's description of public space and the functions of the Bantaba is illuminating. Despite their differing cultural backgrounds, it is evident that both highlight the necessity of inclusive places for democratic involvement and representation. Your personal recollections about gathering around night fires for storytelling lend validity to your reflections, basing the conversation in lived experiences. Overall, your piece not only broadens our understanding of public and private spaces, but it also stimulates a reconsideration of how democratic ideas might be applied to varied cultural landscapes.
ReplyDeleteThis is a great post! I find it very interesting that a tree is a gathering place that brings a community together. What I find even more interesting is that in this example of public space, it is used for multiple reasons, including cultural gatherings, political decisions, and economic activity. In the United States, each space has its own purpose, and I believe that this is something we don’t see here. Like Levi and Ira commented above, America is very individualistic and there is a definite line between public and private space.
ReplyDeleteThe idea of the third space, which was briefly mentioned in Tactics and strategies of power: The construction of spaces of belonging for Palestinian women in Jaffa–Tel Aviv (by Hanaa Hamdan-Saliba and Tovi Fenster) and is something that is very common in Western cultures because of the idea of individualism. Americans need a third space because they need a group of people and a place where they feel they belong. After you mentioned the little distinction between public and private space in Africa and how most things are communal, maybe Africans aren’t in need of a particular third space, because they have created it all around them.
I have enjoyed every single one of your blog posts and learning about your culture. Great job!